Adult learning is a complex process influenced by various factors, including executive functions, motivation, emotions and social interactions. Contrary to popular belief, the adult brain retains a great capacity for learning and plasticity throughout life.

Cerebral plasticity is the brain's capacity to modify itself as a function of experience and learning. This plasticity is both intrinsic, i.e. linked to natural development processes, and extrinsic, i.e. activated by learning new skills.

Synaptogenesis, the development and modification of connections between neurons, and neurogenesis, the creation of new neurons, contribute to this plasticity. The hippocampus, for example, continues to produce neurons even into adulthood.

Learning modifies the structure and function of the brain. These changes occur in different areas depending on what we learn.

Executive functions are a set of cognitive skills that enable high-level thinking, including planning, effective reasoning and problem solving. These functions include inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility and working memory.

Executive functions continue to develop in adolescence, but they are also crucial for adult learning. They enable us to adjust our thoughts and behaviour in response to the environment.

Metacognition (the little voice in your head), the ability to reflect on your own thinking, is another important function for adult learning. It enables us to monitor thought processes, emotions and behaviour.

Motivation is an essential factor in learning. The desire to learn, curiosity, the power of choice and a sense of personal competence are all sources of motivation. Motivation influences the areas of the brain involved in decision-making and planning.

Emotions play a major role in learning by signalling the value of an experience. Emotion and cognition are inseparable. Without emotion, it is impossible to construct lasting memories, carry out complex thoughts or make meaningful decisions.

Social relationships and skilled interactions can modify brain activity, improving the quality of communication, attention, commitment and motivation.

The brain is a social organ, and learning is enhanced by positive social interactions.

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Mistakes are a normal and fertile part of learning, provided they are noticed and overcome.

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Repetition, elaboration, consolidation and recall are important for information to be permanently stored in the brain.

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Using active methods that involve experience and combining the senses enhances learning. It is important to involve the body and movement in learning activities.

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Self-directed learning, where the learner takes control of their learning, is an important approach for adults. The ability to self-assess and prescribe corrective action is also essential for adults.

Contextual and individual factors

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Learning is a very individual process. Each brain is unique, and the way it learns is influenced by each person's life history.

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Contextual factors are also relevant to executive functions and learning.

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The learning environment is an important factor, as is the mind-body relationship and the importance of sleep.

In conclusion, adult learning is a complex and dynamic process that can be improved by using effective strategies, taking into account motivational factors and emotions, and exploiting brain plasticity